In the sequence of cultural stages first proposed for the archaeology of the Americas by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in 1958, the Lithic stage was the earliest period of human occupation in the Americas, as post-glacial hunter gatherers spread through the Americas.[; free online text]
This stage was conceived as embracing two major categories of the stone tool: (1) unspecialized and the largely unformulated core and flake industries, with percussion the dominant and perhaps only technique employed, and (2) industries exhibiting more advanced "blade" techniques of stoneworking, with specialized fluted or unfluted lanceolate points the most characteristic artifact types. Throughout South America, there are stone tool traditions of the lithic stage, such as the "fluted fishtail", that reflect localized adaptations to the diverse habitats of the continent.
The indications and timing of the end of the Lithic stage vary between regions. The use of , fired pottery, and start of the gradual replacement of hunter gatherer lifestyles with agriculture and domesticated animals would all be factors. End dates vary, but are around in many areas. The Archaic stage is the most widely used term for the succeeding stage, but in the periodization of pre-Columbian Peru, the Cotton Pre-Ceramic may be used. As in the Norte Chico civilization, cultivated cotton seems to have been very important in economic and power relations, from around .
Archeologist Alex Krieger has documented hundreds of sites that have yielded crude, percussion-flaked tools. The most convincing evidence for a lithic stage is based upon data recovered from sites in South America, where such crude tools have been found and dated to more than 20,000 years ago.
In North America, the time encompasses the Paleo-Indians, which subsequently is divided into more specific time terms, such as Early Lithic stage or Early Paleo-Indians, and Middle Paleo-Indians or Middle Lithic stage.[Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). Method and Theory in American Archaeology. University of Chicago Press. .] Examples include the Clovis culture and Folsom tradition groups.
The Lithic stage was followed by the Archaic stage.
Timeline
Source:
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19000—21000 BC Humans present in the White Sands region of New Mexico.
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14,800-13,800 BC: A twenty-foot-long tent-like structure of wood and animal hides excavated from Monte Verde
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: a stone-lined hearth and left in Paisley Caves, Oregon
[ "Researchers, Led by Archaeologist, Find Pre-Clovis Human DNA". Newswise. (17 June 2011)]
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11,300 BC: Mound B of the LSU campus mounds was built.
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10,200 BC: Cooper Bison skull is painted with a red zigzag in present-day Oklahoma; it is the oldest known painted object in North America.
[Bement, 176– (incomplete reference)]
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9500 BC: Cordilleran and Laurentide Ice Sheets retreat enough to open a habitable ice-free corridor through the northern half of the continent along the eastern flank of the Rocky Mountains.
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9500 BC: People craft early Clovis spear points, knives, and skin scrapers from rock in New Mexico.
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9250–8950 BC: Clovis points – thin, fluted projectile points created using bifacial percussion flaking – are created by Clovis culture peoples in the Plains and Southwestern North America.
[O'Brien, Michael John and R. Lee Lyman. Applying Evolutionary Archaeology: A Systematic Approach. New York: Springer, 2000: 355. .]
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9001 BC: Archaeological materials found on the Channel Islands of California and in Lima Region.
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9000 BC: Archaeological materials found on Channel Islands off the California coast
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9000 BC: First settlers arrive in the Great Basin with its cool, wet prevailing climate
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9000–8900 BC: The Folsom culture in New Mexico leaves bison bones and stone .
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8700 BC: Human settlement reaches the Northwestern Plateau region.
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8000 BC: The last glacial ends, causing to rise and flood the Beringia land bridge, closing the primary migration route from Siberia.
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8000 BC: Sufficient rain falls on the American Southwest to support many large mammal species – mammoth, mastodon, and bison – that soon go extinct.
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8000 BC: Native Americans leave documented traces of their presence in every habitable corner of the Americas, including the American Northeast, the Pacific Northwest, and a cave on Prince of Wales Island in the Alexander archipelago of southeast Alaska, possibly following these game animals.
Times from the 8000 BC to about 3000 BC may be classified as part of the lithic stage or of an archaic stage, depending on authority and on region.
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7500 BC: Early .
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7560–7370 BC: Kennewick Man dies along the shore of the Columbia River in Washington state; his remains were one of the most complete early Native American skeletons.
[McManamon, Francis P. "Determination That the Kennewick Human Skeletal Remains are "Native American" for the Purposes of the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA)." National Park Service Archaeology Program. 11 Jan 2000 (retrieved 18 June 2011)]
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7000 BC: Northeastern peoples depend increasingly on deer, nuts, and wild as the climate warms.
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7000 BC: Native Americans in Lahontan Basin, Nevada mummify their dead to give them honor and respect, expressing deep concern about their treatment and condition.
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6500 BC–: The San Dieguito–Pinto tradition and Chihuahua tradition flourish in southern California, the Southwest, and northwestern Mexico.
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6000 BC: Ancestors of Penutian-speaking peoples settle in the Northwestern Plateau.
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6000 BC: Nomadic hunting bands roam Subarctic Alaska following herds of caribou and other game animals.
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6000 BC: Aleut people begin to settle the Aleutian Islands.
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5700 BC: Cataclysmic eruption of Mount Mazama in Oregon.
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5500 BC–500 CE Oshara tradition, a Southwestern Archaic tradition, arises in north-central New Mexico, the San Juan Basin, the Rio Grande Valley, southern Colorado, and southeastern Utah.
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Natives of the Northwestern Plateau begin to rely on salmon runs.
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5000 BC: Early cultivation of food crops began in Mesoamerica.
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5000 BC: Native Americans in the Pacific Northwest from Alaska to California develop a fishing economy, with salmon as a staple.
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5000 BC: The Old Copper Culture of the Great Lakes area hammers the metal into various tools and ornaments, such as knives, , stitching awl, , rings, and .
See also
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Archaeology of the Americas
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History of Mesoamerica (Paleo-Indian)
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Indigenous Amerindian genetics
